Punctuation marks are symbols that clarify meaning, indicate pauses, and organize text. They help readers understand your intended meaning.
Common Marks
| Mark | Purpose |
|---|---|
| . Period | Ends declarative sentences |
| , Comma | Separates items, indicates pauses |
| ; Semicolon | Connects related independent clauses |
| : Colon | Introduces lists or explanations |
| ' Apostrophe | Shows possession or contractions |
| " Quotation marks | Indicates direct speech or titles |
Comma Rules
- Lists: pencils, paper, and books
- Introductory phrases: After the lecture, students asked questions.
- Compound sentences: I write essays, and my professor grades them.
- Nonessential info: My professor, who has a PhD, teaches writing.
Semicolon vs. Comma
- Semicolon: Connects two complete, related sentences
- Comma + conjunction: Connects two complete sentences with "and," "but," etc.
Example:
- I love writing; it helps me think clearly.
- I love writing, and it helps me think clearly.
Punctuation is the traffic signal of writing—it tells readers when to pause, stop, or continue.
Quick Tips
- When in doubt, keep sentences shorter
- Read aloud to hear natural pauses
- Use the Oxford comma for clarity
- Don't overuse exclamation points