Punctuation

Overview

Punctuation marks are symbols used in writing to clarify meaning, indicate pauses, and organize text structure. They help readers understand the intended meaning and flow of written communication.

Usage

Common Punctuation Marks

• Period (.): Ends declarative sentences
• Comma (,): Separates items, indicates pauses
• Semicolon (;): Connects related independent clauses
• Colon (:): Introduces lists or explanations
• Apostrophe ('): Shows possession or contractions

Basic Rules

• Use periods to end complete sentences
• Use commas to separate items in lists
• Use apostrophes for contractions and possession
• Use quotation marks for direct speech

Examples

Comma Usage

The students brought pencils, paper, and books to class.
After the lecture, the students asked questions.

Apostrophe Usage

The student's book (possession)
Don't forget to study (contraction)

History

Punctuation evolved from ancient Greek and Roman writing systems. The modern period was introduced by Aristophanes of Byzantium in the 3rd century BCE. The comma, colon, and period became standardized during the Renaissance, with further refinements in the 18th and 19th centuries.